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Lights and slot janda sounds coming from electronic gambling machines – also known as EGMs, pokies or slots – contribute to their addictive potential according to new research published today.
Scientists from the University of British Columbia, Canada, set up experiments with human subjects using gambling tasks and “sensory cues” such as flashing lights and catchy tunes. They found that people made riskier decisions and were less able to interpret information about their probability of winning when exposed to cues associated with previous wins. It was known from slot janda earlier animal studies that sensory cues, such as flashing lights or sounds, when paired with a reward, lead to “riskier” decision making. Prior to the new study, this had not previously been demonstrated in humans. However, it is not unexpected, given what we know of Pavlovian, or classical, conditioning. Classical conditioning has slot janda been understood for over a century as the mechanism for training animals (including humans). Thus, training a dog to sit becomes easier if the reward (food, or some other janda slot login pleasurable event) and the command (the cue) are associated. How pokies workElectronic gambling machines (pokies) combine rewards and cues in abundance. Many of us working to understand pokie addiction have developed a model that combines the principles of two types of conditioning – operant (focusing on the reward structure) and classical (looking at the cues) – and tie these with how the brain’s reward system operates. As well as rewards and cues, environmental, social and economic factors also play a significant janda slot login role in the establishment of gambling addiction. However, the pokie itself is increasingly seen as a crucial element of this addiction system. In their new study, lead authors Catharine Winstanley and Mariya Cherkasova subjected humans to rewards accompanied by sensory cues such as flashing lights andjanda slot login casino sounds. This increased arousal, or excitement – measured by dilation of the pupils of the eye. It also lead to a decline in sensitivity to information about odds and probabilities. Decision making became more risky. Risky decision making, in turn, is associated with increased likelihood of addiction, as the new study argues. Losses disguised as wins“Losses disguised as wins” provide an important example of risky decision making and increased likelihood of addiction. Losses disguised as wins occur when a pokie user bets on multiple “lines” on a machine. This makes it possible to get a “reward” that is less than the amount staked. For janda slot login example, with a bet of $5, the user may “win” fifty cents. The game will celebrate this $4.50 loss with the usual sounds and visual imagery associated with an actual win. The result is that the stimulus provided echoes that for an actual win. This appears to make users overestimate their winnings. It also effectively doubles the slot janda amount of reinforcement achieved by the game, at no cost to the operator. In the Australian states of Tasmania and Queensland, losses disguised as wins are prohibited on consumer safety grounds – no stimulus is permitted when the slot janda “win” is less than the stake. The paper published today provides strong evidence for extending this prohibition to other jurisdictions. The new research also helps fill in one of the gaps in our detailed understanding of the addictive potential of pokies, and provides additional evidence to support more effective regulation of pokies.
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A new wave of casino situs judi slot online liberalisation is sweeping Australia. The Queensland state government has announced that it is seeking expressions of interest for a casino development in Brisbane, and that it is considering offering two further licenses. This move judi online was foreshadowed in May last year, when it was announced that the government’s “master plan” for Brisbane might include another casino, after years of lobbying for casino expansion by Echo Entertainment and James Packer. But with recent research suggesting that poker machines in casinos are more dangerous than those in clubs or hotels, there is good reason to worry that the expansion of existing casinos and the development of new ones will only increase the harm gambling does to the Australian community. The idea of a judi online second casino on the Gold Coast has also been advocated by the area’s mayor for some time, with the Queensland state government giving qualified approval. A recent proposal for a new casino in Cairns has been granted a streamlined approvals process. This news out of Brisbane situs judi slot online comes days after SkyCity and the South Australian state government finalised a deal to increase the size of the Adelaide casino, with 505 more pokies, 95 additional table games and 300 new automated gaming table terminals. Just three months ago,situs judi slot online the NSW state government approved James Packer’s unsolicited proposal to develop a new casino in Sydney judi online. The rapid expansion of casino venues comes after a less visible growth in casino sizes, with the number of pokies and table games within Australian casinos rising by 14% and 39% respectively between 1999 and 2009. Governments are keen to tout anticipated benefits to tourism provided by so-called “six star hotelssitus judi slot online”, and try to downplay the potential harms arising from gambling. Indeed, it seems that “casino” has become something of a dirty word in state government circles. NSW premier Barry O’Farrell insisted on calling the proposed Barangaroo casino a “VIP gaming facility”, while judi online the Queensland government speaks about “integrated developments”. This spin provides a clue to the situs judi slot online underlying economic reality: casinos can promote local economic development only to the extent that they bring in new tourist dollars. When locals spend money at casinos, it drains income from other businesses,situs judi slot online or syphons household savings into the pockets of multinational corporations and billionaires like James Packer. It is unsurprising, therefore, that both the casino proponents and the governments that license them are keen to emphasise that they are targeting international high-rollers.situs judi slot online In South Australia, for example, deputy premier John Rau claimed that the redevelopment would attract gamblers who could afford to lose “tens of thousands of dollars in an evening”. But it is not only the super-rich who will be losing those “tens of thousands in an evening”. Entry to a VIP room isn’t required to lose big. In the pokie halls, machines are designed so that gamblers can lose A$1200 an hour. In NSW, pokies can even be loaded $10,000 at a time. Given the impending proliferation of new casinos, it is timely to remember that the casino industry - and the profitability of Packer’s Crown Limited, and Echo Entertainment -situs judi slot online is underwritten by locals who lose more than they can afford. In 2009-10, casino visitors lost over $3.5 billion in Australia. Most gamblers are locals, with international visitors making up just 5% of customers at Australian casinos. Most casino revenue does also not come from VIPs, who in 2007-08 contributed only 17% of casino gambling revenue. Instead, 40% of casino gambling profits came from pokie playerssitus judi slot online, with the remaining 43% being lost in the main gaming table halls. Given that an estimated 41% of pokie expenditure comes from problem gamblers - as does between 12% and 32% of casino table game expenditure - between 20% and 30% of gambling revenue at Australia casinos may be derived from problem gamblers. This, however, is under the doubtful assumption that no VIP gamblers are experiencing gambling problems. Casinos, therefore, are unlikely to be viable in their current form without causing serious harm to their best patrons. 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